Results
- Strains, cyclical damage, and comparison of hysteresis energy to be discussed in Analysis
Hysteresis Loop for Plain Joint #3 with 4-in (10.2-cm) spacing
Hysteresis Loop for Plain Joint #6 with 4-in (10.2-cm) spacing
Hysteresis Loop for SFRC Joint #1 with 6-in (15.2-cm) spacing
Hysteresis Loop for SFRC Joint #5 with 6-in (15.2-cm) spacing
Hysteresis Loop for SFRC Joint #2 with 8-in (20.3-cm) spacing
Hysteresis Loop for SFRC Joint #4 with 8-in (20.3-cm) spacing
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- Hysteresis Energy Dissipated
- Hysteresis Envelope Curve
Hysteresis Energy Comparison
Specimen Average Energy Dissipated
4-in (10.2-cm) Spacing 1,675 (2,271)
6-in (15.2-cm) Spacing 5,310 (7,199)
8-in (20.3-cm) Spacing 4,165 (5,647)
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Hysteresis Energy Comparison
- SFRC specimens with 6-in (15.2-cm) spacing dissipated on average 217% more energy than plain concrete specimens with 4-in (10.2-cm) spacing
- SFRC specimens with 8-in (20.3-cm) spacing dissipated on average 148% more energy than plain concrete specimens with 4-in (10.2-cm) spacing
Hysteresis Envelope Curve
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Strain Comparison for Column Bar Adjacent to Beam
Observations after Cycle 2 Beam Deflection = 0.5-in (1.3-cm)
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Observations after Cycle 3 Beam Deflection = 1-in (2.5-cm)
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Observations after Cycle 4 Beam Deflection = 2-in (5.1-cm)
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Observations after Cycle 5 Beam Deflection = 4-in (10.2-cm)
Conclusions
- Steel bars are more effective in fibrous joints
- Higher bar strains reached by SFRC joints
- All SFRC joints exhibited an improved seismic performance over plain conventional joints
- SFRC joints with 8-in (20.3-cm) spacing dissipated 148% more energy than conventional joint
- SFRC joints with 6-in (15.2-cm) spacing dissipated 217% more energy than conventional joint
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- Increase joint hoop spacing by factor of two by using SFRC with hooked ended steel fibers at Vf = 2%
- Reduce joint congestion hence simplifying construction technique
- Provide for a stronger seismic joint
- Seismic Joint with code hoop spacing and SFRC with hooked ended steel fibers at Vf = 2%
- Provide for an even stronger joint
Other Applications for SFRC
- Slabs - fibers increase dynamic loading resistance
- Industrial Slabs
- Slabs at: Ford, GM, Chrysler, Dow Corning
- Bus Stop Pads
- City of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Highway Slabs
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Other Applications for SFRC
- McCarran International Airport, in Las Vegas
- Cannon International Airport, in Reno
- 2,800-ft taxiway constructed in 1980
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Other Applications for SFRC
- Slabs, Footings
- Shear Walls
- Blast Walls
- Masonry Walls - SFRC grout
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Other Applications for SFRC
- Proposed usage in Coronado Bay Bridge
- Could reduce steel in bent cap retrofit
- British Rail Authority
- Repaired deteriorating arch bridges with steel fiber reinforced shotcrete
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Other Applications for SFRC
- Shotcreted SFRC has been used to line tunnels
- Railway tunnels constructed through the Rocky Mountains, in 1980, British Colombia
- Steel fiber shotcrete will follow rough contours of a blasted tunnel
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Other Applications for SFRC
- Slope Stabilization
- Stabilize rock slopes
- Refinery in Sweden
- Railroad cut along along Snake River, Washington
-
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Other Applications for SFRC
- Used for repair or for new construction
- Used in spillway deflectors
- Increase resistance to erosion caused by impact of waterborne debris.
- Increase resistance to cavitation
Acknowledgements
- Thesis Advisor
- Dr. Ziad Bayasi, P.E., S.E.
- Thesis Committee Members
- Dr. Fang H. Chou, P.E.
- Dr. James Burns
- Graduate Research Team
- Henry H. Hill, MSCE, EIT, SI
- Jesse Sandoval, MSCE, MBA, P.E.
(l to r) Jesse, Henry (Bart), Mike, Dr. Bayasi
Acknowledgements
- Superior Ready Mix
- Bekaert Corporation
- Quality Reinforcing
- Composite Optics
- Precision Welding
- Measurements Group Inc.
- College of Engineering
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
- SDGE
- A1 Hydraulics
- White Cap Industries